Zajonc (1985) Emotion and facial efference. A theory reclaimed

نویسندگان

  • M. R. Kundu
  • E. J. Schmahl
  • C. E. Alissandrakis
  • P. Lantos
چکیده

1. V. V. Zhelkznyakov, Sov. Astron. AJ 6, 3 (1962); T. Kakinuma and G. Swarup, Astrophys. J. 136, 975 (1962); M. R. Kundu, Solar Radio Astronomy (Interscience, New York, 1965); P. Lantos, Ann. Astrophys. 31, 101 (1968); E. Ya. Zlotnik, Sov. Astron. AJ 12, 245 (1968); ibid., p. 464; V. V. Zheleznyakov, Radio Emissionfrom the Sun and Planets (Pergamon, New York, 1970); A. Kruger, Introduction to Solar Radio Astronomy and Radio Physics (Reidel, Boston, 1979). 2. 1. A. Ratcliffe, The Magneto-Ionic Theory (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1962); K. R. Lang, Astrophysical Formulae (Springer, New York, 1974, 1980). 3. M. R. Kundu and C. E. Alissandrakis, Nature (London) 257, 465 (1975); , J. D. Bregman, A. C. Hin, Astrophys. J. 213, 278 (1977; K. R. Lang and R. F. Willson, Nature (London) 278, 24 (1979); in Radio Physics of the Sun (international Astronomical Union Symposium 86), M. R. Kundu and T. E. Gergely, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1980), p. 109; M. R. Kundu, E. J. Schmahl, M. Gerassimenko, Astron. Astrophys. 82, 265 (1980); M. Felli, K. R. Lang, R. F. Willson, Astrophys. J. 247, 325 (1981); R. Pallavacini, T. Sakurai, G. S. Vaiana, Astron. Astrophys. 98, 316 (1981). 4. M. R. Kundu, T. Velusamy, R. H. Becker, Sol. Phys. 34, 217 (1974); K. R. Lang, ibid. 36, 351 (1974); C. E. Alissandrakis and M. R. Kundu, Astrophys. J. 222, 342 (1978); M. R. Kundu, in Radio Physics of the Sun (International Astronomical Union Symposium 86), M. R. Kundu and T. E. Gergely, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1980), p. 157; K. Marsh, G. J. Hurford, H. Zirin, ibid., p. 191; K. R. Lang, R. F. Willson, M. Felli, Astrophys. J. 247, 338 (1981). 5. K. A. Marsh and G. J. Hurford, Astrophys. J. 240, LIIl (1980). 6. , Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20, 497 (1982); M. R. Kundu, Rep. Prog. Phys. 45, 1435 (1982); _ and L. Vlahos, Space Sci. Rev. 32, 405 (1982). 7. E. B. Fomalont, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. 61, 1211 (1973). 8. K. R. Lang and R. F. Willson, in Advances in Space Research-Proceedings ofthe 24th Meeting ofCOSPAR (Pergamon, London, 1983), vol. I P. 91; __ , V. Gai7auskas, Astrophes. J. 26,455 (1983); R. K. Shevgaonkar andI. R. Kundu, ibid. 283, 413 (1984). 9. G. B. Gel'freikh and B. I. Lubyshev, Sov. Astron. AJ 23, 316 (1979); C. E. Alissandrakis, M. R. Kundu, P. Lantos, Astron. Astrophys. 82, 30 (1980); C. E. Alissandrakisand M. R. Kundu, Astrophys. J. 253, L49 (1982); K. R. Lang and R. F. Wilson, ibid. 255, LIII (1982). 10. M. R. Kundu and T. Velusamy, Astrophys. J. 240, L63 (1980); T. Velusamy and M. R. Kundu, ibid. 243, L103 (1981); K. R. Lang, R. F. Wllson, J. Rayrole, ibid. 258, 384 (1982); G. A. Dulk and D. E. Gary, Astron. Astrophys. 124, 103 (1983); K. R. I ang and R. F. Willson, ibid. 127, 135 (1983); D. McConnell and M. R. Kundu, Astrophys. J. 269, 698 (1983). 11. D. Rust, Sol. Phys. 47, 21(1976); M. R. Kundu et al., Astron. Astrophys. 108, 188 (1982); R. F. Willson, Sol. Phys. 83, 285 (1983); K. R. Lang and R. F. Wilson, in Advances in Space Research-Proceedings of the 24th Meeting of COSPAR (Pergamon, London, 1983), vol. 2, p. 91; M. R. Kundu, Proc. Int. Astron. Union Symp. 107 (1984), p. 185. 12. T. Gold and F. Hoyle, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 120, 89 (1960); J. Heyvaerts, E. R. Priest, D. M. Rust, Astrophys. J. 216, 123 (1977); D. S. Spicer, Sol. Phys. 53, 305 (1977); S. 1. Syrovatskii and V. D. Kuznetsov, in Radio Physics ofthe Sun (International Astronomical Union Symposium 86), M. R. Kundu and T. E. Gergely, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1980), p. 445; V. D. Kuznetsov and S. I. Syrovatskii, Sol. Phys. 69, 361 (1981); D. S. Spicer, ibid. 70, 149 (1981); V. Petrosian, Astrophys. J. 255, L85 (1982); B. V. Somov and S. I. Syrovatskii, Sol. Phys. 75, 237 (1982); E. R. Priest, ibid. 86, 33 (1983). 13. K. R. Lang, Sol. Phys. 52, 63 (1977); M. R. Kundu, in Radio Physics of the Sun (International Astronomical Union Symposium 86), M. R. Kundu and T. E. Gergely, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1980), p. 157; G. Hurford and H. Zirin, Air Force Geophys. Lab. Rep. AFGL-TR82-0017 (1982); R. K. Shevgaonkar and M. R. Kundu, Astrophys. J., in press; K. R. Lang and R. F. Willson, Advances in Space ResearchProceedings of the 25th Meeting of COSPAR (Pergamon, London, in press). 14. M. R. Kundu, E. J. Schmahl, T. Velusamy, Astrophys, J. 253, 963 (1982); , L. Vlahos, Astron. Astrophys. 108, 188 (1982); T. Velusamy and M. R. Kundu, Astrophys. J. 258, 388 (1982); M. R. Kundu, Sol. Phys. 86, 205 (1983); M. R. Kundu, in Advances in Space Research-Proceedings of the 24th Meeting of COSPAR (Pergamon, London, 1983), vol. 1, p. 159; M. R. Kundu, D. M. Rust, M. Bobrowsky, Astrophys. J. 265, 1084 (1983); R. F. Willson and K. R. Lang, Astrophys. J. 279, 427 (1984); R. F. Willson, Sol. Phys. 92, 189 (1984). 15. M. R. Kundu, V. Gaizauskas, B. Woodgte, E. J. Schmal, R. Shine, H. Jones, Astrophys. J. SuppI. Ser., in press. 16. M. R. Kundu, Proc. Int. Astron. Union Symp. 107 (1984), p. 185. 17. J. C. Brown, D. B. Melrose, D. S. Spicer, Astrophks. J. 228, S92 (1979); D. F. Smith and C. G. Lllliquist, ibid. 232, 582 (1979); L. Vlahos and K. Papadopoulos, ibid. 233, 717 (1979); G. D. Holman, M. R. Kundu, K. Papadopoulos, ibid. 257, 354 (1984). 18. D. E. Gary and J. L. Linsky, ibid. 250, 284 (1981); K. Topka and K. A. Marsh, ibid. 254, 641 (1982); J. L. Linsky and D. E. Gary, ibid. 274, 776 (1983). 19. D. E. Gary, J. L. Linsky, G. A. Dulk, ibid. 263, L79 (1982); D. B. Melrose and G. A. Dulk, ibid. 259, 844 (1982); K. R. Lang, J. Bookbinder, L. Golub, M. M. Davis, ibid. 272, L1S (1983). 20. C. Slottje, Nature (London) 275, 520 (1978); in Radio Physics of the Sun (International Astronomical Union Symposium 86), M. R. Kundu and T. E. Gergely, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1980), p. 195; R. Zhao and S. Jin, Sci. Sin. A 25, 422 (1982). 21. G. D. Holman, D. S. Eichler, M. R. Kundu, in Radio Physics of the Sun (International Astronomical Union Symposium 86), M. R. Kundu and T. E. Gergely, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1980), p. 457; G. D. Holman, Adv. Space Res. 2, 181 (1982); R. R. Sharma, L. Vlahos, K. Papadopoulos, Astron. Astrophys. 112, 337(1982); L. Vlahos, R. R. Sharma, K. Papadopoulos, Astrophys. J. 275, 374 (1983). 22. Adapted from (5), plate 2. 23. This review would have been impossible without the fine contributions to solar radio astronomy made by R. F. Willson at Tufts University and C. E. Alissandrakis, E. J. Schmahl, T. Velusamy, and L. Vlahos while working for the University of Maryland. Radio astronomical studies of the sun and other active stars at Tufts University are supported under Air Force Office of Scientific Research grant AFOSR-83-0019-B. Investigations of flare stars at Tufts University are also supported by NASA grant NAG 5477; whereas comparisons of VLA and Solar Maximum Mission satellite data are supported by NASA Guest Investigator grant NAG 5-501. Solar research in the Astronomy Program at the University of Maryland is supported under NSF grant ATM 84-15388, NASA grant NGR 21-002199, and NASA contract NSG 5320. The Very Large Array is operated by Associated Universities Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Facial efference and the experience of emotion.

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 249 Pre-Darwinian Sensory Theories of Emotion ................................................ 250 Evolutionary Theory of Emotion ............................................................... 251 Development of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis ........................................... 251 INVEST...

متن کامل

Feeling and facial efference: implications of the vascular theory of emotion.

Is facial muscular movement capable of altering emotional state? Facial feedback theories answer this question in the affirmative but do not specify the intervening process. Cognitive appraisal theories do not address this question at all. The vascular theory of emotional efference (VTEE) holds that facial muscular movement, by its action on the cavernous sinus, may restrict venous flow and the...

متن کامل

Convergence in the Physical Appearance of Spouses

This study attempted to determine whether people who live with each other for a long period o f time grow physically similar in their facial features. Photographs o f couples when they were first married and 25 years later were judged for physical similarity and for the likelihood that they were married. The results showed that there is indeed an increase in apparent similarity after 25 years o...

متن کامل

The Facial Expression Coding System (FACES): A Users Guide

Facial expression of emotion is of great interest to many researchers. It has been studied in connection with subjective emotional experience, physiological arousal, and communication to name but a few areas. Interest in facial expression has a rich history dating back to the mid 19th century (Piderit, 1858, 1888; Gratiolet, 1865). Perhaps the most influential of these early theorists was Charl...

متن کامل

Subliminal Priming Reveals Two Faces of Facial Expressions

Facial emotional expressions can serve both as emotional stimuli and as communicative signals. The research reported here was conducted to illustrate how responses to both roles of facial emotional expressions unfold over time. As an emotion elicitor, a facial emotional expression (e.g., a disgusted face) activates a response that is similar to responses to other emotional stimuli of the same v...

متن کامل

Educational Facial Emotion Recognition in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Clinical Trial Study

Objective: The disability to recognize facial emotions is one of the behavioral problems in autistic children. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of education on the promotion of face recognition. Methods: This single-blind clinical trial study was conducted on children with autism. The participants were allocated with random sampling to the two groups. Autistic children in the int...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2005